Part I- Ghana and BRICS: Strategic optionality or an expensive signal?
It is a consensus club with two tiers. BRICS now lists 11 members: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, plus Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, the UAE and Indonesia, with Saudi Arabia invited but not publicly confirmed. A separate partner tier, created in 2024, includes Nigeria and Uganda from Africa, along with Belarus, Bolivia, Cuba, Kazakhstan,…

